The paper presents a landscape-ecological analysis of the mesopopulation structure of the geosystems in the Baikal region. The regularities of changes in the quantitative characteristics and taxonomic diversity of invertebrate communities in the landscape-ecological range under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors at different levels of the organization of geographical space are considered. The data were obtained as a result of a detailed study of the quantitative characteristics of invertebrate communities in the key polygons of the taiga, mountain-taiga and steppe geosystems of the Lake Baikal basin. Numerous cartographic materials, information about the soil cover and the state of vegetation are analyzed, data on the heat supply and moisture supply of soils are taken into account. The main trend of changing the diversity of pedobiont communities is a decrease of species number in the gradient of increasing aridity of the climate, increasing hypothermia and anthropogenic pressure. Based on the data obtained, the map “Taxonomic diversity of soil-biotic communities in the geosystems of the Lake Baikal basin” is presented. Conservation of biological diversity is considered as one of the most important conditions for sustainable development and rational use of natural resources.

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