In this paper we examine the influence of solar activity on temperature variations in the atmosphere and global ocean. We discuss results of the analysis of regularities and peculiarities of tropospheric and sea surface temperature responses both to some heliogeophysical disturbances and to long-term changes in solar and geomagnetic activity. We present results of the analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) variations, obtained over a period from 1854 to 2012, and their connection with solar activity variations. We have found further evidence for the influence of solar activity on climate processes in the troposphere and ocean. An authentic response to solar activity was revealed in main climatic characteristics: surface air temperature (SAT) and sea surface temperature. We established that the climatic response to solar and geomagnetic activity features considerable space-time inhomogeneity and is local. We revealed regular variations in the spatial structure of climate-system response to geomagnetic activity.