In article the branches of an economy peculiar soyots, to the people living in Southern Siberia are analysed. Primordial branches of an economy, such as mountain reindeer breeding and yaks are described. Dynamics of changes of branches for last 60 years is resulted. Are revealed Mongolian, Buryat and specific okinskiy character of the economy, reflecting traditional economic activities soyots. The basic problems of development of a traditional economy and a way of their decision are presented.