The results of complex investigations of composition of bottom sediments, recovered on Akademicheskii Ridge of Lake Baikal, are presented in the paper. It was determined that Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits are clearly distinguishable by characteristic features: lithological composition, magnetic susceptibility, diatom, pollen and spores, chemical, grain size and mineral composition. It related with different conditions of sedimentation. Glacial melt waters were predominant process of transport of sedimentary material in Late Pleistocene. Moreover wind transport was very important factor of sedimentation in this time. High concentrations of microfossils (diatoms, spicules of sponges, chrysophyte cysts, pollen and spores) within Holocene mud show high productivity during the Holocene.